The Odyssey in Comparison With “My Father on His Shield” Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey in Comparison With My Father on His Shield Es theorize often in literature, writers unintentionally create works that tie very well with one another. Two works that connect well are The Odyssey by Homer, translated by Robert Fizgerald, and My Father on His Shield, by Walt McDonald. While McDonalds poem underscores the woodland of mourning and sorrow by the main character, Homers work elucidates the tone of animosity and hurt.As previously stated, the tone of McDonalds poem, My Father on His Shield is one of mourning and grief. The speaker of the poem is grieving his father who he lost to battle and experiences struggles in coping with it all. McDonalds details about the sled mentioned in the poem reflect the closeness that was once there betwixt the speaker and his father, in addition to the level of importance the speakers father had in his life. The use of diction by McDonald also emphasizes the speakers mourning, often accompanied by nostalgia, by implicating th e repetition of the words I remember throughout the poem.This constant remembrance expresses the speakers difficulty feeler to terms with his fathers death. In contrast with McDonalds poem, Homers work, The Odyssey, exhibits a tone filled more with animosity and heartache sooner than the previous, more somber and mournful feel. The main character, thus far, is named Telemakhos. The characters father has been gone for m either years without returning or sending any messages, causing the boy and his mother to wonder whether he has died, or if he is gone because he does not wish to return. By the use of detail, readers are able to find out that as a result of his fathers extended absence, a number of suitors have begun to take free reign over their home and all of their property, seeking to marry the possible widow. Homer uses diction in order to indicate the Telemoakhos animosity towards his fatherFriend, let me put it in the plainest way. My mother says I am his son I know notsur ely.Who has known his own engendering? I wish at least I had some apt man as afather,growing old in his own house unknown death and silence are the fate of him that, sinceyou ask, they call my father. (Homer 8) Telemakhos is saying that although his mother and everyone say Odysseus is his father, he does not feel that way because he lacks any memory of him. He wishes he could have his father in his life, and is bothered by the event he hasnt the slightest bit of knowledge in regards to the whereabouts of his father.Telemakhos and the speaker in the poem by McDonald share similar experiences. They both are dealing with the absence of their fathers who both partook in the military. However, the speaker in the poem actually knows for a fact his father has died, which may be why he copes with the lack of a father better than Telemakhos, solely because he does not need to question whether or not his father isnt in his life due to curve carelessness. Because Telemakhos hasnt the faint est idea of his fathers whereabouts, he is in search for closure, not only for himself, but for his mother and property being destroyed by the savage suitors. Their circumstances are what control the tone in their dialog, allowing the reader to feel the same things the speakers are feeling.

Project Management Institute Essay Example for Free

Project Management Institute EssayThe main designer of the Project Management Institute is to make the shed management indispensable for the generation of the ultimate business results. PMI functions in over 170 countries having members more than 265000 at their advantage, thus making it as a leading membership association for the profession of project management.It is one among the best not-for-profit and non-political organization which conducts programs with the governments, industries and organizations to deliver the best project management programs with the best results. PMI education foundation speaks on the knowlmargin gaining and portraying the skills and the art for educational and social welfare. PMI also promotes research and providing avenues for building up riches of information and also indulging in offering certification, networking and activities involving the community at large, thus managing to attain its global presence and global certification in their ove rlord profession. Scope of its Membership Becoming a member of the PMI institute gives an opportunity for the members to get themselves certified as a professional imparting and demonstrating the skills required thereby helping themselves in standing out in the crowd.To become a member PMI has varied plans suiting the different segments based on their needs where in there are plans for an individual for those willing to learn and update the best practices in businesses, student those having degree program at a recognized institute, retiree having retired from active employment and has a good reputation for 5 consecutive years and those interested in renewing their memberships (renewal).The various benefits which the memberships provide include the massive knowledge sharing and information search happening in generating the opportunities for themselves and the institute. It gives immense openings for capturing on the capability of acquiring them networked through the different P MI communities there by get nurtured with respect to the leadership qualities and being an active participants as volunteers in the various communities, certification programs, research programs, standard programs etc.The members also have scope of getting accessed to the knowledge resources of PMI known as the Project Management Body of Knowledge and also their career frameworks. Along with this opportunity which the members can acquire, they also have an edge over non-members in terms of getting access to the various publications, journals, e-links, virtual library, eReads and References which are set by PMI.The reason one should join PMI is to allow them to be build relationships, improvise on once skills, gain the latest and the first hand information and learn some of the best known practices. Memberships in PMI shell certain features and characteristics to the peers which indicate their enthusiasm in quality, productivity and return on investments, their seriousness about th eir own individual development and their own profession and last their commitment to the ethical business practices shown by the institute.The services which PMI provides to its members With respect to the career development provided to the members of PMI, the association helps in availing the Certification and the Credentials, providing an extensive job search database which is availed by Career Headquarters at PMI, Making themselves groomed by undertaking various Training and Events happening by seminar worlds, to e-learning initiatives and providing the ultimate solution to the best practices and opportunities in the field of learning and in turn meeting up to the schedules, goals and the interests of the induction.PMI also guides the members in customer services, flexibility in changing and viewing orders, information on payment, pricing and promotions opportunities, shipping and handling assistance, privacy and security all under one umbrella known best for its marketplace. PMI has a strong Business Solutions ideal which keeps the members get going by the challenges they have in career framework, Business and Government solutions on a global front to build up the institution on a worldwide basis and providing Organizational maturity in terms of managing the projects, programs and portfolios to generate and plan for its growth.This PMI provides project management implementation and consultancy services to their members and customers by providing added benefits in terms of the latest releases, news archives, articles of interests etc. The five major groups which PMI builds upon its profession are Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling and closing phases and the various knowledge areas which they send for to are integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communications, risk management and procurement.

Causes and Effects of Heart Failure

Causes and Effects of marrow FailureElizabeth Makouta K.Assessment 2 Definition of heart Failure This is usually a progressive condition that reflects weakening of the flavor by coronary atherosclerosis intend the coronary vessels is build up with roly-poly clogging (Marieb 2012 p369)The organic structure frames affected are Kidney, Heart, Lungs, and Digestive System.Kidneys constituent is to eliminate nitrogen containing e wastes, toxins, and drug from the dust. Kidney also produce an enzyme renin which help inflect declination pressure, and their hormone erythropoietin which stimulate red declivity cell production in bone marrow (Marieb 2012 p. 512)Hearts function Is a unchewable organ that sums blood to all the tissues in the body through blood vessels, weight less than a pound with the size of a persons fist and a shape like cone-shaped (p 357).The right side pumps blood through the lungs where oxygen is picks up and carbon dioxide is unloaded. The left side of the fondness receives blood containing oxygen and pump it to the rest of the body (Marieb 2012 p 360).Lungs Function Human body contain two lungs. Lungs are large organs that pertain thoracic cavity except the heart in the central area. The left lung has two robes and the right lung has three robes (Marieb 2012 p.441). The lungs bring in oxygen to the body which is the bloodline that we breathed for energy and remove carbon dioxide from the body which is the gas that comes out as waste products (American thoracic Society 2014). .Digestive System Digestive system starts from the mouth and ends up in the anus. The function of digestive system is to break down foods in to a simplest form for the absorption of the body as victual for cells and energy for the body usage (Marieb 2012 p.464).Signs and SymptomsShortness of breath (dyspnoea)Fatigue and weakness projection (oedema) in your legs, ankles and feetRapid or irregular heartbeatReduced major power to practice sessionPersistent c ough or wheezing(nocturia) increased need to take a leak at nightHeart Pumps FasterSwelling of your abdomen (ascites) choppy weight gainLack of appetite and nauseaDifficulty concentrating or decreased alertnessHeart Grows LargerElevated blood pressure dressing table pain, if your heart failure is caused by a heart attack (mayonnaise Clinic 2014)Shortness of Breath meaning there is not enough air getting into the body system why because of lack of oxygen as the heart is not able to pump enough blood (Mayo Clinic 2014Fatigue and weakness As the heart failed or become weak other parts of the body are affected including legs and arms making difficult do walk or jump the stairs because there is not sufficient blood getting to the legs and arms (University of California San Francisco 2014)Swelling For kidney to function very well it needs its normal blood supply. Renin restores normal blood pressure and increase filtration of water and salt for filtration process to be normal (Marieb 20 12 p. 512). But when blood flow to the kidney is limited then renin provide also retain salt and water which will leads to fluid build-up in the body (feet, ankles and legs), (University of California San Francisco 2014)Rapid or irregular heartbeat meaning firm or abnormal heartbeat. This happen because blood supply is insufficient, therefore, the heart will work harder to meet the body requirement (University of California San Francisco 2014)Reduced great power to exercise Because the body feels tired especially the legs and arms as a result of less blood supply to these areas which mean oxygen level in the body is low, you will be less likely to complete the daily activates normally (University of California San Francisco 2014)Persistent cough or wheezing Is a noisy leaden particularly when you breathe in air and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation) as a result of fluid build-up in the lugs (Dr. James Krider 2005).Nocturia Is increased need to urinate at night, as a re sult of infection of the bladder, kidney or diabetes. In the case of Mr Alby Wright, he is type two diabetes meaning bladders ability to hold urine has decrease which leads to more urination at night (Better Medicine 20140)Heart Pumps Faster Our body needs blood to function very. collect to this, the heart will work harder than normal to circulate blood throughout the body in other to meet the body requirement (University of California San Francisco 2014)Swelling of your abdomen Swelling of the abdomen occurs as a result of the fluid build-up in the lungs and organs. Due to the weakness of the heart which means the heart is unable to pump blood very well (Sterns 20140).Sudden weight gain Swelling or puffiness of the skin will make it shade stretched and shiny as a result of unwanted fluid in the tissues and organs (Sterns 20140).Lack of appetite and nausea When you dont have the desire to eat food as a result of the liver and digestive system become blocked because there is less b lood supply to these organs you will right (University of California San Francisco 2014)Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness meaning you may start to forget things or confuse because of less circulation to the brain. Without enough blood, the brain cannot function well (British Columbia 2012)Heart Grows Larger The muscles of the heart become more and more lager due to the force in order to pump blood. The intravenous feeding chambers of the heart also enlarge to be able to hold large volume of blood (University of California San Francisco 2014).Elevated blood pressure Is the meaning or word use to describe hypertension thus the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body. This happened as the result of cardiac involution or heart failure (Tabbners 5e p 273)Chest Pain Meaning the heart is deprives from getting enough blood. This occurs due to blockage or compress coronary blood vessel (Tabbners 5e p 669)Information taking on his admissionPulse 124SaO2 87% on room air breathing 32Blood Pressure 90/40(Q5) Yes There is too much glucose (sugar) in his blood which is not getting into the cells of the body. Diabetes lead to nerve ruin and poor circulation, looking at his admission form his blood pressure is low, oxygen saturation is also low as a result of bronchial asthma and hypotensive and congestive cardiac failure which means blood is not circulating well through the body system. This indication of slow wound meliorate to extend where his toe was amputated.(Q6) What is the action of laxis This drug is (Diuretic) use to treat acute pulmonary oedema (Kluwer, Williams Wilkins 2008, p. 647)Which body system is affected? Kidney because the medicine draws water from the blood as urine. Also affect the heart as the fluid is draw out of the blood the pressure also decreases (Netdoctor 2013)Why he is taking this practice of medicine To clear excessive accumulation of fluid in his body and help he urinates.Three conditionsGlaucomaArthritisT ype 2 DiabetesQuestion 8 Factors that will tinct on Mr Wrights safetyHospital allergy, glaucoma risk for fall, leg ulceration for risk infection,Home Diabetes careful for blood glucose level, low blood pressure, Leg ulcer risk for infection, confusion forget to take his medication, frail skin easy to get skin tear and mobility is not good because he is walking with stick, rational stage he could wounder around and forget where he is.Question 9 Other health professional Podiatrist will be able to look at his amputated toes to provide him with best treatment including his arthritis.Dieticians will provide information to Mr Wrights regarding nutrition on what is good and what is bad for his health.Mental health professional will help provide support for Mr Wright to reduce his level of anxiety.Diabetes Educator To educate him on diabetes and how well he should eat.Physiologist Will help him with exercise design to treat any pain that he might have including arthritis, and difficul ty walking (Better Health Channel 2014)Question 10Neurovascular AssessmentMedication mapDiabetes AssessmentFluid Balance ChartBowel ChartCare PlanSkin AssessmentWound Care PlanePatient localisation ChartDressing Regime (Wound) (TAFE SA Flow Charts Book)ReferencesFunnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Function of the Kidney, MelbourneFunnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Definition of Heart Failure, MelbourneAmerican Thoracic Society 2014, Anatomy and Function of the Normal Lungs, viewed 15 March 2014 http//www.thoracic.org/clinical/copd-guidelines/for-patients/anatomy-and-function-of-the-normal-lung.phpMayo Clinic 2014, Diseases and Condition of Heart Failure, viewed 15 March 2014, http//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/basics/definition/con-20029801Mayo clinic 2014, Shortness of Breath, viewed 16 March 2014, http//www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/basics/definition/SYM-20050890UCSF Medical Centre 2014, Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms, viewed 16 March 2024, http//www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/heart_failure/signs_and_symptoms.htmlDr. James Krider, Wheezing, viewed 16 Mach 2014, http//www.formulamedical.com/Topics/Symptoms/Wheezing.htmHealth Grades 2014, Nocturia Causes, viewed 16 March 2014, http//www.localhealth.com/article/nocturia/causesRichard H Sterns 2014, Patient information Edema (swelling) beyond the basics, viewed 16 March 2014, http//www.uptodate.com/contents/edema-swelling-beyond-the-basicsBritish Columbia 2012, Heart Failure Less Common Symptoms, viewed 17 March 2014, http//www.healthlinkbc.ca/kb/content/special/tx4083abc.htmlFunnel, Koutoukidis and Lawrence, Tabbner Nursing care 5th edn, Chest pain, MelbourneKluwer, LW Wilkins 2008, Nursing and Midwifery drug handbook, Diuretic 4th ednNetdoctor 2013, Laxis, viewed 17 March 2014, http//www.netdoctor.co.uk/heart-and-blood/medicines/lasix.htmlBetter Health Channel 2014, Physiotherapist, viewed 17 March 2014, htt p//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Physiotherapy

Immortality Of The Soul In Phaedo Philosophy Essay

Immortality Of The Soul In Phaedo Philosophy EssayPhaedo is one of the dialogues that were created by plato, the phaedo tried to name the oddment of Soc grade who was a great philosopher. It was the last dialogue of the seven that he wrote in the middle period of Socrates final days the others included Theaetetus, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Statesman and Sophist. Plato was a pupil of Socrates, after the expiry of Socrates he went on to rebuild his dialogues, these dialogues recounted the beliefs Socrates had in regards to infiniteity of the intellect. Phaedo, Apology, Euthyphro and Crito are kn sustain as tetralogy as they deal with the trial and eventual death of Socrates. Phaedo, of the tetralogy is the longest and alike considered the richest dialogue and is to a fault important philosophically.The Phaedo took place in the morning that Socrates was to die and primarily deals with the immortality of the soul. Phaedo began the story with Echecrates a Pythagorean as he asks Pha edo to tell him what he knows of the death of Socrates. Phaedo is willing to give the story of how Socrates decided to take hemlock poison. Socrates was in prison for not believing in the Athenian gods and was also accused of corrupting the youth of the city of Athens. Socrates was sentenced to death by the political leader of the city of Athens. Phaedo of Elis was present when Socrates was to die. Socrates explored of the various theories of immortality of the soul and tries to show that in that location is life after death in which the soul will live after death. In the dialogue is also narrated by Cebes and Simmias. They had all come to do Socrates to escape prison.In the dialogue Socrates, puts antecedent four theories of the immortality of the soul. Among the four, the first three though they convince someone, they are insubstantial. The three are valuable to the readers and they are also reffered to affinity, cyclical and re-collective form of origins. The fourth argument is well accepted and is considered to be well made argument and logically sound.The four arguments that are put forward are the opposite argument or the cyclical argument, this theory tries to explain that the forms we have are eternal and toilettenot change and the soul can never occur and it always brings life. The physical structure is believed to be mortal and has to undergo the physical death but the soul is not destroyed in the process. Plato tries to make clear of the argument by comparing cold and fire.The second argument is also known as the theory of recollection, this theory tries to explain that human posses some know directge that is non observational example of this knowledge is the knowledge at alliance. This is used to show or imply that maybe at one time that the soul existed before birth for it to have that knowledge.The third theory is also known as the affinity argument, this theory tries to explain that what is immortal and invincible things are very differ ent from what is microscopical and mortal. Our soul is immortal and our body is mortal and therefore when our bodies die, our soul will still continue to live.The fourth argument of the Phaedo is the argument from the form of life and it explains that, what is immortal and incorporeal is arrive atd by the things of the world and all that participate in the forms. Beauty participates in the form of beauty, the soul participates in the forms of life and thus the soul can never die. Socrates proved the immortality of the soul by arguing that the cause of the life which is the soul can never die as the life comes from it. He argues that the luck of a dead soul is imposible and thus the soul can be considered to be immortal.The immortality of the soul is a valid argument but it can be questioned as it is based upon a premise that has not been shown to be true. Socrates believes that after he dies he will be treated blessedly by the gods and he will be able to converse with other men wh o had died. Socrates tried to explain of what the hereafter will be like. Thus the question is the connection of the afterlife and the lifetime soul after the death of the mortal body.Socrates before he died believed that he will not be distracted by the death of the body. He believed that the body was a carrier of the soul ass the soul cannot live on its own and need the body while in the populace for it to survive. Socrates believed that he had to live a full live and he had to hope for death. He believed for a life well lived, death was ideal and important as in death the soul maybe has a probability of gaining true knowledge.Socrates believed that man should never commit suicide. He believed that man should never kill himself since he has no ownership of himself. He believed that men were a position of the gods Socrates said, I too believe that the gods are our guardians, and that we men are a chattel of theirs (Phaedo, 62b). Cebes was in concordance with Socrates on this a rgument. They believed that a man who kills himself or destroy something will be penalize. Therefore if man tries to kill himself he will be killed by the gods who own him. Therefore man should be ready for death since the mortal body will one die, and should never act in a way to drive death. Socrates said that for quite some time he had been waiting for body death and it is not okay for onr to bring on to himself an earlier death.In the arguments, the body and that soul are held as two separate entities that can be separated and this separation is achieved through death. Also in one being warned against destroying the property of gods else the gods will seek for retribution and will surely punish the offender thus he believes the afterlife reward will be based on the acts one committed before he died. Before he died Socrates believed he had to fulfill certain things which were an obligation to the gods. He believed that certain things had to be dealt with so as to help him in t he movement from the life to afterlife. To do this he decided to compose music and he later reminded Crito that he had to sacrifice a pricking to Asclepius who was the god in charge of medicine and also the healing. Socrates had a belief that even though the soul was immortal, one had an obligation of performing certain actions and living his life in the world in a certain manner. He believed the actions one did and the entire acts one committed while living in the earth contributed to how the gods will treat him after death whether favorably or unfavorably. Therefore even though mans soul is immortal it can still be punished by the gods after its separation from the body.Socrates believed death to be a state where the body is separated from the soul and the soul becomes separate from the body he also defines death to be the complete dissolution of the sole. The others in the dialogue believed that the death is the complete annihilation of the soul, they fear that when she (the sou l) has left the body her place may be nowhere, and that on the very day of death she may perish and come to an end immediately on her release from the bodydispersing and vanishing away into nothingness in her flight. (Phaedo, 70)Soc rates believed that people should people should have very little with all that is bodily, therefore humans should pay little attention in making the body intelligent and comfortable. He believes that we should be independent of the body since it is only then that various(prenominal)s will be able to achieve a true state of understanding. The state of being independent of the body, Socrates believed is death and therefore individuals will be well prepared for it when it occurs if they have been independent of the body all through. Thus when death comes the individuals will be more than willing to welcome it. He believed that the body presented to individuals a lot of distractions because of what it demands or necessities of taking care of it. He believe d that if illness strikes the human body, they stop an individual from pursuing truth. The body also causes us to have emotions such as fear, love, desire and other emotions. These emotions do no dandy to one as they cause one to be a slave of himself and have no time for the soul.The Phaedo is a great piece of information and combines philosophy in an interesting narrative. Socrates death show us of how a man who is detached from the cares and worries of the body and takes more time of enriching his soul can easily go away with not much(prenominal) problem. Human beings are in constant worries of very many bodily desires, this desires have led to great suffering and problems to themselves and others around them. The bodily desires have led to unnecessary completion and rivalry which has bled to conflicts, greed, war and untold suffering. Socrates clearly put it that what we should try and live for is trying to achieve the appeasement of the soul as the soul is immortal and trying to please the body is just for a time and makes on to never be prepared for death. Men must learn that good acts to each other and the environment will mean that one will have a better life after death.

Perceptions And Attitudes Towards Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Perceptions And Attitudes Towards Hiv Health And Social Cargon EssaySince the first reported case of human immunodeficiency virus/ support in 1981, the disease has had a devastating effect on all components of our society and has become the closely deadly cloudious disease epidemic in recent times. The disease is seen as a threat to the stability of entire nations and regions affecting the most productive members of the society. human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome has become a orbiculate phenomenon, however the disease is most pronounced in developing countries particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. The spread of the disease has reached pandemic proportions in most parts of the African continent (WHO 2007).The numbers of plenty infected with human immunodeficiency virus keeps on increasing particularly among the new-fashioned people. The estimated number of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus ecumenic in2009 is 33 million. African continent a lone had 22.5 million of the orbs estimated 33 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus/ back up (UN assist/WHO 2007).UN assist estimates showed that young people under 25 accounted for close 45% of all new human immunodeficiency virus cases (over 6800 people become infected with human immunodeficiency virus everyday) in adults in 2007. The disease insures to ravage Sub-Saharan Africa and it remains the most serious of infectious disease that challenges Africa. The leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa is HIV/ aid (Tanaka, Kunii, Hatano Wakai 2007).It is true HIV/AIDS continues to spread among the state of urban communities in Rwanda, with its heavy toll on the 15 49 year age groups, who constitute the economicalally productive sector of the countrifieds economy. Kanombe and Muhima Districts are urban communities in Kigali City Province, which has seen increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS. Urban districts are part of the worst HIV/AIDS prevalence in Rwan da. As at 2006 it had prevalence lay of 5.1% far loftyer than the rural average of 2.1 the same year. Rwanda is among the ten countries in Africa most severely affected by HIV/AIDS. The country is facing a generalized epidemic. National estimates indicate that in 2006, the adult prevalence rate is in the range of 3.1% among the general population (WHO 2007).Behavioral information serve as an early warning system and provide information to guide program design and evaluate interventions. In addition, the data provide information that can explain HIV prevalence trends.Prevention supports of donor agencies and the governing piss been working assiduously to curb the HIV/AIDS epidemic simply there has not been any considerable decrease in the prevalent rate within Kigali City Province. A circumstantial question here is what could wee accounted for this? Prevalence in 15-24 years group shows an increase trend though efforts have been made to slow down the spread. unripe female a dolescents are vulnerable and may be influenced into high-risk behaviors. The gab amongst male-female portionage regarding guard use in Rwanda is 40.9 and 19.7 respectively (WHO 2007).The aim of this analyze was to investigate the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of adolescents towards HIV/AIDS in order to institute meaningful preventive measures for the control of HIV/AIDS in Kigali City urban community. The findings of this study can be added to the existing body of knowledge on HIV/AIDS in Kigali City Province and in Rwanda as a whole. The findings of this study volition help policymakers and healthcare professionals to develop adolescent centered, all-round and intensive programs that will curtail the spread of HIV in the province.2. literature REVIEW2.1 HIV/AIDS DefinitionHIV is the short form of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the virus that causes AIDS. (Levy. 1993). AIDS is an abbreviation for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Simply put Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the tender immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the cells in the human body that combat infections. Dr. Samuel Border, formerly at the National Cancer Institute in the United States of America, reminds us the history of HIV/AIDS. He said In June of 1981 we saw a young gay man with the most devastating immune deficiency we had ever seen. We said, we dont know what this is, but we hope we dont ever see another case like it again (WHO 1994).On 5th June, 1981, AIDS was first reported in Los Angeles, California. (Centers for Disease Control 1981). jibe to Broder S 1984 cited by Katrak 2006, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV 1) was discovered in 1983 as the root cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Katrak 2006).Kahende (2001), in his thesis viewed HIV/AIDS as a cause as well as a symptomof underdevelopment. Its long incubation period makes it hard to predict the social and economic effects it may have on households and national d evelopment as a whole. The disease mostly affects singles in their prime between the ages of 15 to 49 years and sizable number of those in this category will have major social and economic effects in the long run (World depone 2007, International Development Committee (IDC) 2001). The United Nations International Labor Organizations (ILO) report in Akukwe (2006), suggest that a minimum of 26 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS are in the workforce with at least two-thirds of them living in Africa. The consequence of this is that the labor force in Africa will be in jeopardy in the near future. The disease has an incubation period of about 8 years and someone infected with the virus could infect many other people (Kahende, 2001). This means that a person infected with HIV may not show any noticeable symptoms until between 8years to 10 years when the bodys immune system can no longer withstand the HIV virus. During this time many more persons will have become infected arou nd 6800 new infections per day at present) USAIDS (2007). This creates continuing rolling burden and a vicious cycle of illness and deaths which effects could be perilous to the affected countries. This makes AIDS much more dangerous than other diseases since diseases without incubation periods can be easily identified and treated (Kahende, 2001). Cure for HIV/AIDS has not been form yet, however, anti-retroviral therapy can prolong the lives of individuals living with HIV/AIDS (Akukwe 2006). This therapy is however currently expensive and not available to majority of infected people in sub-Sahara Africa (Fry 2007).2.2 Rwanda commonwealth Profile2.2.1 Rwanda HistoryRwanda is a small, landlocked country in Central Africa with 9.7 million and a high population density (368 people per sq. km). Rwanda became independent in 1962 after colonization by Germany (1899) and Belgium (1919). In 1961 its monarchical government was formally abolished by a referendum and the first parliamentary e lections were held.Political turmoil over the overlap of power and access to opportunities resulted in explosions of ethnic violence which have marked much of the recent history of the country. A civil conflict pitting the Hutu-led government against the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi-led rebel movement, culminated in genocide, between April and June 1994. About 800,000 people were massacred by the army and the extremist Interahamwe militia. The RPF overthrew the regime in June 1994.While the country is currently at peace, Rwandans continue to struggle with the legacy of genocide. National reconciliation is a long-term endeavor that has the full commitment of the Government and the support of the global community. The Rwandan Government has undertaken significant measures to consolidate reconciliation including the continuation of the demobilization and reintegration project for ex-combatants and a model of democratization focused on a decentralized government activity (Wo rld Bank 2009).2.2.2 Economic and Social ProgressRwanda has made remarkable progress since the 1994 genocide and civil war. Peace and political stability have been re-established, reconciliation efforts are continuing, and democratic institutions and processes are being strengthened. Poverty and social indicators have also improved. Rwanda has been able to maintain overall macroeconomic stability and implement extensive reforms which have contributed to a strong evolution performance.Rwanda is on track to achieve several of the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) MDG 2 on universal primary education MDG 3 on gender equality and MDG 6 on HIV/AIDS and malaria. Net primary adjustment is currently 95 percent, with 97 percent enrollment of girls. However, low completion rates and poor quality of basic education show that there are still major challenges to meeting MDG 2. HIV prevalence is estimated at about 3 percent with female infection rates (3.6 percent) substantially higher than th ose of males (2.3 percent). Rwanda is also on track to achieve the targeted reduction in malaria incidence (World Bank 2009).2.3 Adolescents and HIV/AIDSAdolescence is one of the most captivating and complex transitions in the life span. It is a period of tremendous adjustment for children and parents. As children transition from childhood to adulthood, they undergo many physical, emotional and behavioral changes. These changes include very fast physical growth, the rise of reproductive informality, new social roles, growth in thinking, feelings and morals. The sequence of pubertal changes is relatively predictable and consistent however, their timing is extremely variable (National Academies Press 1999, 1-2.).Nearly 50% of the worlds population is under 25 (UNFPA 2003). The threat ofHIV pandemic to young people cannot be over emphasized as UNAIDS estimates showed that young people under 25 accounted for about half(a) of all newHIV cases in adults in 2007 and more than half of the m still lack accurate and comprehensive information about how to avoid depiction to the virus (USAID2008).The indication that less than 40% of young people globally have accurate and comprehensive knowledge about HIV (UNGASS indicator 13) is unacceptably low and consequently worrisome. Previous studies done in USA (DiClemente, Zorn, Temoshok, 1986 Bhattacharya, Cleland, Holland, 2000),Nepal (Mahat G Scoloveno 2006) and Turkey ( Savaser 2003) where adolescents in those studies knew of only sexual route of transmission. There is the need to look up HIV/AIDS education among the jejuneness particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa where various cultures frown at sex education among adolescents.Young People between the ages of 15 to 24 accounts for 30% of all people living with HIV/AIDS (UNSAIDS 2001). The disease keeps on spreading especially among young people fashioning it even harder to control. The HIV/AIDS epidemic remain invisible to both young people and the society, people usually carry the disease for years without their knowledge. As a result, the epidemic is spreading among young people at an alarming rate.In sub-Sahara Africa, the situation looks gloomier. More than half of sub-SaharanAfrica have generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic, this means 5% or more of the youngpeople are infected (UNAIDS 2000). The youth constitute one-fifth of the worlds population and nearly two-fifths in the developing countries populations (Population Reference Bureau (PRB) 2000). All hands must be on deck to reverse the trend in order to salvage our youth from the scourge of HIV pandemic, the future looks bleak if current situation must be allowed to continue.Young people have been designated as a group at high risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS due to their involvement in sexual experimentation and the use of recreational drugs. Vulnerability of young people to HIV/AIDS can be attributed to physical, social, economical and psychological features of adolescents (Offer, Ostrov, Howard, Atkin son, 1988, 270 Senderowitz, 1995). Socially and economically, most adolescents are dependent and inexperienced therefore, they are unable to protect themselves from infections, and have less access to health care than adults. Again, young peoples vulnerability to HIV/AIDS increases as result of cultural practices that shape their behaviors. Adolescence is a stage where young people establish their sexual identities, in doing so they are faced with pressures from society as well as their peers.2.4 Adolescents knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and prevention of HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS has caused indescribable suffering to millions of people world wide.The fight against the scourge and epidemic of HIV/AIDS is and continue to be one of the biggest challenges facing the world today. The impact of the disease touches on the lives of the global community in different predictable and unpredictable ways. Though the severity of the crisis is obvious, biochemical and pharmaceutical development of va ccines continue to have limited success current drugs available can suppress the virus but they do not cure HIV infections or AIDS (The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 2009).Therefore, promotion of prevention strategies needs to be intensified in order to halt the spread of HIV.It is now a common knowledge as reported in many studies that Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via sexual contact is the most common(UNAIDS 2002) and accounts for 75 to 85 percent of all infections(Royce, Sea, Cates, Cohen, 1997). Over the past two decades, rates of infection with sexually transmitted diseases have continued to increase among teenagers. Roscoe and Kruger (1990) in their article call Late adolescents knowledge and its influence concluded that although adolescents knowledge of HIV transmission might have improved over the past few years, their risk-related behaviors remain unchanged. This, no doubt can be linked to Adolescents sexual behavior a nd knowledge, attitudes, perceptions towards HIV/AIDS.Numerous studies have been done on adolescents sexuality, knowledge, attitudes, and/or behaviors relevant to AIDS in order to improve the over all sexual behavior of adolescents. It is important at this point to consider such surveys of adolescents. A random-sample surveyed by Strunin and Hingson (1987) of 860 adolescents, 16 to 19 years of age, concerning their knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors regarding AIDS indicated 70% were sexually active (having sexual intercourse or other sexual contact) but only 15% of them reported changing their sexual behavior because of concern about contracting AIDS, and only 20% of those who changed their behavior used effective methods.Several prominent studies showed high engagement in unsafe sexual behaviors such as sex with multiple partners, sex with unknown persons, as well as negative views about condom use, and a low rate of behavior change even after learning about HIV/AIDS (Bu ysse, 1996, Gray Saracino, 1989). This corroborates the suggestion that a moderate to high knowledge level of AIDS may not be a predictor of safe sexual behavior practices (Gray Saracino, 1989). However, a study conducted by Roscoe Kruger, (1990) of three hundred late adolescents suggests that one-third had altered their sexual behavior as a result of fear of the disease. Available Research on the effects of beliefs of susceptibility to AIDS indicates that adolescents and adults who report high perceived risk for AIDS practice safer sexual behaviors, whereas those who perceive low risk for contracting AIDS report practicing unsafe sexual behaviors (Gray Saracino, 1989 Villarruel, A.M., Jemmolt, Howard, Taylor, Bush, 1998).Youth Education and prevention programs have been used as the primary means of decreasing rate of HIV infections among adolescents, it can be summed up in three letters ABC(A=Abstinence, B=Be Faithful, C=Condoms). Barnett and Parkhurst (2005) have described a bstinence as the best followed by faithfulness to one partner and condom use as last. Anytime ABC is mentioned Ugandan situation comes to mind, in 1991, the government, opinion leaders and the people of Uganda had the courage to change the attitudes and behaviors that were spreading the HIV. A Harvard study in Uganda finds HIV rates drop 50% within eight years. The study credits abstinence education in reducing HIV/AIDS in Uganda (Trafford 2002). Again, it has been argued that condoms have about 10-13% failure rate in preventing pregnancy and 10-20% failure rate in preventing HIV for several reasons. Museveni (2004) in his commentary on HIV titled Behavioral Change Is the Only Way To Fight AIDS cited Uganda as being excellent in this direction it has successfully managed to bring the seroprevalence rate from 18.6% to 6.1% using just social vaccine (behavior change), approximately 70% reduction. Molomo 2008, National coordinator of NACA(National Action Committee on AIDS) said behavio ral change is the responsibility of the individual and not the community. He explained the latter could provide enabling environment within which the former can effect behavioral change. Attitudes, beliefs, and/or intentions have been described by many theories as proximal determinants of behavior. Consequently, changes in attitudes toward abstinence and condoms, and Perceptions of personal risk or susceptibility to HIV should be the main goals in any HIV/AIDS prevention program.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe aim of this study is to investigate the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of adolescents (15-24) towards HIV/AIDS in order to institute meaningful preventive measures for the control of HIV/AIDS.Ultimately, the study will provide information on appropriate intervention methods necessary for preventing HIV/AIDS among adolescents in the community.3.1 Research QuestionsWith respect to the theme of our research, the avocation research questions shall be addressed1. Wha t knowledge do adolescents in Kigali City Province have about HIV/AIDS?2. What are the perceptions and attitudes by adolescents towards HIV/AIDS preventions?3. Which preventive method(s) do they use?4. Do they perceive any risk of contracting/getting HIV/AIDS?4. RESEARCH METHODS AND information SOURCESQualitative research betterment will be used to address HIV/AIDS prevention among adolescents. Qualitative methodology or deductive approach according toPope and Mays (1995) is used to explore, interpret or illustrate the actions and/or subjective experiences of research participants. In other words qualitative research tends to cause a comprehensive data about human observations, thoughts and feelings it tries to establish meaning from human life experiences.As the focus of our study is to investigate the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of adolescents and young adults towards HIV/AIDS and its prevention, a qualitative approach will allow the participants to express their feel ings and experiences genuinely (Punch 1998).

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake Essay -- World Literature Religion

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake It is in these representations of Snowman that I believe Atwood is making a definitive statement as to whether perfection created man or whether man creates God. Undoubtedly Atwood is suggesting that man inevitably, despite of himself, creates God, with or without outside assistance.It seems that throughout the novel there is an extended metaphor of Snowman as various figures from the Christian bible. The first-year figure that Snowman can be said to represent is that of Adam, the first man, though the similarities between the two characters do not follow the same chronology. Just as Adam is given the animals as companions to look over, similarly Crake has ensured that the Crakers and Jimmy argon both left in the newly re-created world as companions. some other strong resemblance and play on words can be observed in the Christian story of original sin and Crakes mass decease of humanity. In Genesis, God sets aside one fruit tree and commands Ad am not to touch or eat from it, as a result of Adams betrayal, God casts him out of paradise, and forces hardship on him for the rest of his days. Likewise, Jimmy is fully cognizant the first time he meets Oryx that she is off limits to him, yet his betrayal of Crake in the long run results in his leaving Paradice and forces various hardships on him. Lastly, in the Snowman-as-Adam device, there is a realization that the companions which have been assigned by a higher power are insufficient, and the following desperate need for companions that are closer on the evolutionary chain. For Adam, this companion was Eve. Throughout Atwoods novel Snowman is absolutely desperate for some companion, someone more understanding than the Crakers, or better than his ow... ...t this leads to a rather interesting debate whether or not the Crakers would have eventually created religion or at the genuinely least art themselves, regardless of Snowmans interference. I believe that Atwood is comment ing on the fact that it is mans nature to be existential, to wonder where he came from, and who created creation, and that it is natural to invent doable answers to these questions when none are evident. For example, as Snowman returns after his foray back into the Compound he finds that the Crakers have created an idol of him and are chanting his name in a way which sounds like Amen, next theyd be inventing idols, and funerals, and grave goods, and the afterlife, and sin...(361). Either way you look at Snowman, as a religious patriarch or a representation of the biblical serpent, he is still corrupting the Crakers with his false dogma.

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did when I was growing up there. Today it is necessary to have a Police Officer in the village of Larsen Bay, Alaska because of national violence and alcohol/drug crime.There was the Russian Orthodox religion, but Priests only made a short visit approximately every half-dozen months to a year, that is if the weather and the Priests schedule permitted. Whenever a Russian Orthodox Priest would visit, he would give all of his sermons in either Russian, or Slavonic. Very a few(prenominal) if any of the villagers understood Russian or the Slavonic language. A few years before I left the village the Baptists moved in to groom our heathen souls. The Baptist movement in the village lasted for about 10 years after I left. There is a Russian Orthodox religious presence in the village today. The Russian Orthodox religion moved into the village, built a Church and this time give their sermons in English or at least through an interpreter.I had a childhood that was without the pressures an d influence of organized religion. When I left the village and went out into the world, my curiosity was aroused to the different nonnatural god-beliefs of the world. I found that some people believed so strongly that they had the "only" one true religion that they would fight and die for that belief. Supernatural god-beliefs are fair that - beliefs, a figment of imagination and a superstition. People that are indoctrinated from birth into supernatural god-beliefs know that they are right and that the others have it all wrong. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Public initiate Pre-game PrayerHalt prayer before games pass judgment ordersThis was on the front page of the Atlanta Constitution on September 25, 1986. A federal judge issued a temporary restraining order banning prayers before football games at the Douglas County High School in Douglasville, GA. Doug Jager just returned to Douglasville, GA from his first trip to Larse n Bay, Alaska where he spent the summer. Emotions were intense and out of control for Christians who suddenly found that they lost one of their means of imposing their prayers onto the public. After the Atlanta Constitutions front-page story to halt prayers at public school football games, Georgia went crazy. The Jager household was besieged with some of the nastiest phone calls and open public abuse coming from Christians in the name of God. The abuse coming from Christians was very intense, and meant to terrorize and to intimidate.